英语四级长篇阅读练习题及答案
C. Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes.
Some people are better at delaying gratification ( 满足 ) than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex.
D. Chen's recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interestS.
E. Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly ( 明确地). Every time English-speakers tall about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will" or "going to." In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory (强制性的). The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say "Wo qu ting jiangzuo," which translates to "I go listen seminar." Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.
F.Chert analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics (人口统计资料 ), and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me."
He also analyzed individual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that inchides national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.
G. People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries' legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.
H. Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher.
I.At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent, findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (算法) that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age- morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.
J.Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people's physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people's mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.
46. Usually, preventing ourselves from enjoying immediate pleasure impulsively is the only way to achieve the outcomes that are important to us.
47. The structure of languages influences us when we are making a judgment or decision about the future.
48. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers and being unemployed nearly share the same percentage of decreasing the likelihood of saving.
49. According to the well-known marshmallow studies, people who can resist temptation tend to be successful in the future.
50. People who speak languages like English are more likely to feel that the future events are distant.
51. National savings rates of countries are influenced by language as well.
52. In Chen's recent research, people who speak languages in which the present and the future are weakly distinguished are more prepared for the future.
53. Recent findings show that it is possible to improve future-oriented behavior through making the future feel closer to the present.
54. Through simple interventions, Ellen Langer and colleagues made the physical health of the older people changed for the better.
55. Chen made an analysis of individual-level statistics from 76 developed and developing nations
【参考译文】
语言如何影响你的财富与健康
A.我们所说的语言是否会决定我们未来的健康和财富?耶鲁商学院Keith Chen所做的一项新研究表明事实正是如此。[47]语言结构会影响我们对未来的判断和决定，而这可能会产生极其长远的影响。
B)关于我们如何应对未来的研究有很多。[49]例如，由 Walter Mischel一和他的同事们一起进行的著名的“棉花糖实验”表明：能够抵御诱惑预示着未来的成功。实验中，实验员给一些4岁的孩子每人一块棉花糖，并告诉他们，如果等到实验员回来他们还没有吃掉棉花糖的话，他们就能得到两块棉花糖而不是一块。后续研究显示，那些能够为更大的远期回报而等待的孩子在成年后更为成功。
C.[46]我们要想获取一些对自己来说非常重要的成果，抵制住眼前的一时痛快往往是唯一的办法。我们想要保持好身材，却又想要最后那块比萨。我们想要舒舒服服地退休，却也想开豪车，完成梦寐以求的旅行或者买华丽的鞋子。一些人在推迟满足感上比其他人做得好。他们更有可能积累财富并保持一种健康的生活方式。他们不大可能成为冲动购物者或吸烟者，也不大可能会发生危险的性行为。
D.Chen最近的研究结果表明，语言这一看似不太可能的因素，对我们未来的行为有着巨大的影响。在一些语言中很明显地区分了现在和将来，而在其他语言中，这种差别非常模糊。[52]Chen最近的研究表明：使用不太区分现在和将来的语言的人对未来准备更充分。他们会积累更多的财富，也更能保持自身健康。这些人构想未来的方式和他们构思现在的方式类似。因此，他们觉得未来并不遥远，而且对于他们来说，采取与其未来利益相符的行为方式也更为容易。
E.当谈论将来时，不同的语言有不同的表达方式。一些像英语、韩语及俄语之类的语言要求他们的使用者清楚明确地指出将来。讲英语的人每次谈到将来时必须使用相应的标志性词汇，例如“将”(will)或“打算”(goingto)。而其他的一些语言，像中国的普通话、日语和德语则不一定非要那样。人们谈论未来和谈论现在的方式相似，要通过语境才能理解意思。一个说普通话的人如果打算去听讲座，可能会说“我去听讲座”，译成英语就是“I go listen seminar”。[50]诸如英语这样的语言会不断提醒其使用者未来是很遥远的。而对于说普通话之类语言的人来说，未来则显得很近。因此，讲中文的人更容易抵抗一时冲动，也更会为未拳投资。
F.[55]Chen分析了来自76个发达国家和发展中国家的个人层面的数据。这些数据包括人们的经济决策(譬如去年有没有存钱)、在家中所使用的语言、人口统计数据以及一些文化因素，如“储蓄对于我来说是一种非常重要的文化价值观”。他还分析了关于人们的退休资产、吸烟和运动习惯以及老年人的总体健康状况等个人层面的数据。最后，他分析了国家层面的数据，包括国民储蓄率、国内生产总值及其增长率、国家人口统计数据以及使用不同语言的人所占的比例。
G.诸如收入、教育水平、年龄、宗教信仰、所在国的法律体系及文化价值观等各种因素都影响着人们的储蓄率。排除了这些因素，语言对人们储蓄率的巨大影响就突显了出来。[48]使用像英语这种必须明确表明“未来”的语言使得人们为来储蓄的可能性降低了三成。该影响和失业的影响差不多大。由于失业，储蓄的可能性也降了大约三成。
H.类似的分析显示，使用不一定必须标明“未来”的语言，比如中文，能够让人们积累更多的退休资产，少吸烟，多锻炼，并且在老年时总体上更健康。[51]语言同样也影响着一个国家的国民储蓄率。如果一个国家的大部分人使用的语言不用必须表明“未来”，这个国家的国家储蓄率往往会更高。
I.从更实际的角度来看，研究者们一直在寻找方法帮助人们采取与其长远未来的利益相符的行为方式。[53]近期的研究表明，一让未来显得离现在更近也许可以改善人们针对未来的行为表现。例如，研究者最近就使用年龄预见算法预测出人们容颜的变化，然后将受访者未来的样子呈现给他们。一组参与者在虚拟镜像里看见了当前自我的数字影像，另一组人看见了未来的自己容颜随年龄变化的影像那些看到自己年老模样的参与者将更多的钱拨到一个虚拟的储蓄账户中。这种干预方法将人们的未来带到了当下，于是他们会为未来存更多的钱。
J.Chen的研究表明，正是语言形成了我们关于未来的想法。之前语言曾被用来改变人们对时间的看法，并且效果惊人。[54]Enen Langer和她的同事们通过简单的干预极大地改善了老年人的身体健康：这些干预手段包括让他们谈论20年前的事情，就像那些事情现在正在发生一样。用现在时谈论过去的事情改变了人的心态，而心态影响着人的身体状况。Chen的研究指出了我们谈论未来的方式可能会影响我们的心态的可能性。语言可以让未来在我们的心理空间中来回穿梭，而这有可能对我们的判断和决策产生极大的影响。
【答案解析】
46.C
解析：题干意为，让自己不要冲动地贪图一时之乐通常是获得那些对我们来说非常重要的成果的唯一办法。注意抓住题干中的关键信息enjoying immediate pleasure、the only way和outcomes that are important to us。文中论及克制冲动、推迟满足感的内容出现在C段，该段首句提到，我们要想获取一些 对自己来说非常重要的成果，抵制住眼前的一时痛快往往是唯一的办法。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为C。
47.A
解析：题干意为，语言结构会在我们做出一个关乎未来的判断或决定时对我们产生影响。注意抓住题干中的关键信息the structure of languages、judgement or decision和the furore。文中A段即提出本文论题：语言是否会决定我们未来的健康和财富?该段接下来的内容则对此论题给予了肯定陈述，该段末句提到，语言结构会影响我们对未来的判断和决定，而这可能会产生极其长远的影响。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为A。
48.G
解析：题干意为，使用必须明确表明未来的语言和失业在降低人们为将来储蓄的可能性方面的作用近乎相同。注意抓住题干中的关键信息a language that has obligatory future markers、being unemployed和 decreasing the likelihood of saving。文中论述语言和失业与个人储蓄率之间关系的内容出现在G段，该段第三句和第四句提到.使用像英语这种必须明确表明“未来”的语言使得人们为未来储蓄的可能性降低了三成，这样一种影响跟失业的影响差不多。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为G。
49.B
解析：题干意为，依据著名的棉花糖实验，能够抵御诱惑的人趋向于在未来取得成功。注意抓住题干中的关键信息marshmallow studies、resist temptation和to be successful in the future。文章的8段描述了著名的棉花糖实验，该段第二句提到，由WalterMischel和他的同事们一起进行的著名的“棉花糖实验”表明：能够抵御诱惑预示着未来的成功。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为B。
50.E
解析：题干意为，使用英语之类的语言的人很容易认为未来的事情很遥远。注意抓住题干中的关键信息languageslikeEnglish和thefuture events are distant。文中涉及英语等不同语种对人感知未来远近产生影响的内容出现在E段，该段倒数第三句提到，诸如英语这样的语言会不断地提醒其使用者未来是很遥远的。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为E。
51.H
解析：题干意为，各个国家的国民储蓄率也受到语言的影响。注意抓住题干中的关键信息national savings ratesofcountries和influencedbylanguage。文中第H段论述了语言对国民储蓄率的影响，该段第二句提到，语言同样也影响着一个国家的国民储蓄率。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为H。
52.D
解析：题干意为，在Chen最近的研究中，那些使用不明显区分现在和未来的语言的人能够更好地为将来做好准备。注意抓住题干中的关键信息Chen’s recent research、weakly distinguished和more prepared forthefuture。文章D段介绍了Chert的最新研究成果，该段第四句提到，使用不太区分现在和未来的语言的人对未来准备得更充分。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为D。
53.I
解析：题干意为，最近的研究发现，通过让未来显得离现在更近也许可以改善人们针对未来的表现。注意抓住题干中的关键信息recent findings、improve future—oriented behavior和feel closer。文章的l段论述了科学家们试图寻找方法，使人们更多地考虑长远利益。该段第二句提到，近期的研究发现，让未来显得离现在更近也许可以改善人们针对未来的行为表现。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为I。
54.J
解析：题干意为，通过简单的干预，EllenLanger和同事们让老年人的身体健康状况得到改善。注意抓住题干中的关键信息simple interventions、Ellen Langer and colleagues和physical health。涉及通过简单干预改善老人身体健康的内容出现在J段，该段第三句提到，EllenLanger和她的同事们通过简单的干预极大地改善了老年人的身体健康。这些干预手段包括让他们谈论20年前的事情，就像那些事情现在正在发生一样。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为J。
55.F
解析：题干意为，Chen对来自76个发达国家和发展中国家的个人层面的数据进行了分析。注意抓住题干中的关键信息analysis of individual—level statistics和76 developed and developing nations。文中涉及Chen所分析的数据的内容出现在F段，该段首句提到，Chen分析了来自76个发达国家和发展中国家的个人层面的数据。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为F。
Green Growth
A. The enrichment of previously poor countries is the most inspiring development of our time. It is also worrying. The environment is already under strain. What willhappen when the global population rises from 7 billion today to 9.3 billion in 2050, as demographers(人口统计学家) expect, and a growing proportion of these people can'afford goods that were once reserved for the elite? Can the planet support so much economic activity?
B .Many policymakers adopt a top-down and Western-centfic approach to such planetary problems. They discuss ambitious regulations in global forums, or look to giant multinationals and well-heeled (富有的) NGOs to set an example. But since most people live in the emerging world, it makes sense to look at what successful companies there are doing to make growth more sustainable.
C. A new study by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) identifies 16 emerging-market firms that they say are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. These highly profitable companies (which the study calls "the new sustainability champions") are using greenery to reduce costs, motivate workers and forge relationships. Their home-grown ideas will probably be easier for their peers to copy than anything cooked up in the West.
D. The most outstanding quality of these companies is that they turn limitationsof resources, labor and infrastructure) into opportunities. Thus, India's Shree Cement, which has tong suffered from water shortages, developed the world's most water-efficient method for making cement, in part by using air-cooling rather than water-cooling. Manila Water, a utility in the Philippines, reduced the amount of water it was losing, through wastage and illegal tapping, from 63% in 1997 to 12% in 2010 by making water affordable for the poor.
Broad Group, a Chinese maker of air conditioners, taps the waste heat from buildings to power its machines. Zhangzidao Fishery Group, a Chinese aquaculture (水产养殖) company, recycles uneaten fish feed to fertilize crops.
E.Setting green goals is a common practice. Sekem, an Egyptian food producer, set itself the task of reclaiming ( 开垦) desert land through organic farming. Florida Ice & Farm, a Costa Rican food and drink company, has adopted strict standards for the amount of water it can consume in producing drinks.
F.These firms measure themselves by their greenery, too. Florida Ice & Farm, for example, links 60% of its boss's pay to the triple bottom line of "people, planet and profit". The sustainability champions also encourage their workers to come up with green ideas. Natura, a Brazilian cosmetics company, gives bonuses to staff who find ways to reduce the firm's impact on the environment. Masisa, a Chilean forestry company, invites employees to "imagine unimaginable businesses" aimed at poorer consumers. Woolworths, a South African retailer, claims that many of its best green ideas have come from staff, not bosses.
G.In emerging markets it is hard for companies to stick to one specialism, because they have to worry about so many wider problems, from humble infrastructure to unreliable supply chains. So the sustainability champions seek to shape the business environment in which they operate. They lobby (游说) regulators: Grupo Balbo, a Brazilian organic-sugar producer, is working with the Brazilian government to establish a certification system for organic products. They form partnerships with governments and NGOs. Kenya's Equity Bank has formed an alliance with groups such as The International Fund for Agricultural Development to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders. Natura has worked with its suppliers to produce sustainable packaging, including a new "green" plastic derived from sugar cane.
H. The firms also work hard to reach and educate poor consumers, often sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets. Masisa organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income furniture buyers. Broad Group has developed a miniature device for measuring air pollution that can fit into mobile phones. Jain Irrigation, an Indian maker of irrigation systems, uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can't read. Suntech, a Chinese solar-power company, has established a low- carbon museum to celebrate ways of reducing carbon-dioxide emissions.
Rich became green, or green became rich?
I.One could quibble (争辩)with BCG's analysis. Phil Rosenzweig of Switzerland's IMD business school has argued that management writers are prone to "the halo effect": they treat the temporary success of a company as proof that it has discovered some eternal principle of good management. The fact that some successful companies have embraced greenery does not prove that greenery makes a firm successful. Some firms, having prospered, find they can afford to splurge ( 挥霍) on greenery. Some successful firrns pursue greenery for public-relations purposes. And for every sustainable emerging champion, there are surely 100 firms that have prospered by belching ( 喷出 ) fumes into the air or pumping toxins into rivers.
J.Nonetheless, the central message of the WEF-BCG study--that some of the best emerging-world companies are combining profits with greenery--is thought-provoking. Many critics of environmentalism argue that it is a rich-world luxury: that the poor need adequate food before they need super-clean air. Some even see greenery as a rich-world conspiracy ( 阴谋): the West grew rich by industrializing (and polluting ), but now wants to stop the rest of the world from following suit. The WEF-BCG report demonstrates that such fears are overblown. Emerging-world companies can be just as green as their Western rivals. Many have found that, when natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped ( 资金短缺的 ), greenery can be a lucrative(利润丰厚的) business strategy.
46. An air-conditioner manufacturer uses the waste heat from buildings to supply its machines with power.
47. Many critics of environmentalism hold the view that greenery is a rich-world luxury because that's not what the poor people badly want.
48. Workers of the sustainability champions are motivated to bring forward green ideas.
49. It is meaningful to study what successful companies in the emerging world are doing to achieve more sustainable growth, since most people live there.
50. It's difficult for companies in emerging markets to keep focusing on one specific problem because they have many wider problems to worry about.
51. Although some successful firms have embraced greenery, it doesn't mean that greenery will lead to the success of a firm.
52. It will probably be easier for companies to follow the home-grown ideas than those invented in the West.
53. It has been found that greenery can be profitable when natural resources are scarce and consumers are short of cash.
54. Sekem, which produces food in Egypt, set a goal to reclaim desert land through organic farming.
55. To create future markets, the firms also make effort to reach and educate poor consumers, often at the cost of short-term profits.
【参考译文】
绿色增长
A.曾经的贫穷国家变得富足是我们这个时代最令人振奋的发展了。但同时这种发展也令人担忧，因为这些国家的环境早已不堪重负。如果正如人口统计学家预估的那样，全球总人口从今天的70亿上升至2050年的93亿，并且越来越多的人将能买得起曾经只有精英阶层才能享用的商品，到那时，会出现什么样的状况呢?这个星球能够承受那么多的经济活动吗?
B.许多决策者都采取一种自上而下的、以西方为中心的方法来解决这类全球性的问题。他们在全球论坛上雄心勃勃地探讨监管制度，或指望大型跨国公司和富有的非政府组织来树立典范。[49]但是，鉴于大多数人都生活在新兴世界，因此研究一下这些国家的成功企业为促进可持续发展做了些什么是很有意义的。
C.世界经济论坛和波士顿咨询公司在近期的一项研究中遴选出16家来自新兴市场的企业，他们认为这些企业正在将生态意识转换为一种具有竞争优势的资源。这些高盈利企业(在这项研究中被称做“新型可持续发展先进企业”)正在利用环保因素来降低成本、激励员工和打造关系网。[52]比起西方国家臆想出来的对策，起源于本土的理念可能更容易为其他企业所效仿。
D.这些企业最显著的特点是它们将资源、劳动力和基础设施上的不足化为机遇。正是遵循这一思路，长期受困于水资源匮乏的印度Shree水泥公司研发出了世界上最节水的水泥制造工艺，部分原因在于他们采用了风冷工艺而不是水冷S-艺。菲律宾的一家公用事业公司马尼拉水厂将浪费和非法盗水这两种渠道所导致的水资源流失量从l997年的63%降到了2010年的12%，这使得穷人也能买得起水。[46]中国的空调制造商远大集团利用建筑物中的废热来为机器提供动力。中国的水产养殖企业獐子岛渔业集团则回收吃剩的鱼食来为庄稼提供肥料。
E.设定环保目标是一种常见的做法。[54]埃及的一家食品生产商sekem以通过有机种植来改造沙漠化的土地为己任。哥斯达黎加的一家食品饮料公司Florida Ice&Farm，对生产饮料过程中的耗水量设定了严格的标准。
F.这些企业还通过环保事业来衡量自身的价值。例如，FloridaIce&Farm公司将老板60%的薪水与“人、地球、利润”这三重底线挂钩。[48]这些“可持续发展先进企业”还鼓励员工们提出环保创意。巴西的一家化妆品企业Natura向那些想出方法降低企业对环境造成的影响的员工发奖金。智利的一家林业企业Masisa动员员工以收入较低者为目标客户，“想象难以想象的商机”。南非的一家零售商Woolworths称，公司很多最佳环保点子来自员工而不是老板。
G.[50]在新兴市场主，企业很难专注于某一特定领域，因为它们还得考虑从糟糕的基础设施到不稳定的供应链等很多更广泛的问题 。因此，可持续发展先进企业力求打造一个适合自身运营的商业环境。同时，他们还会游说监管机构，巴西的有机糖生产商Grupo Balbo正与巴西政府合作，以期建立有机产品的认证体系。它们还同各级政府和非政府组织建立合作关系。肯尼亚的Equity银行通过与国际农业发展基金会等组织联合来降低向小农贷款的风险。Natura与其供应商合作，生产可持续的包装材料，其中包括从甘蔗中提炼出来的新型“绿色”塑料。
H.[55]这些企业还努力接触、培养低收入消费者，时常为了开拓未来市场而牺牲短期利益。Masisa将当地的木匠组织成关系网，使他们和低收入的家具买家建立联系。远大集团研发了一种可以嵌入手机、用来测量空气污染的微型设备。印度的灌溉系统制造商JainIrrigation用舞蹈和音乐向那些不识字的农民解释滴灌的好处。中国的太阳能企业尚德公司建立了一家低碳博物馆以宣传减少二氧化碳排放的多种途径。
以环保谋发展。还是以发展促环保?
I.有人可能对波士顿咨询公司的分析存有异议。瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院商学院的Phil Rosenzweig认为，管理学作家倾向于“光环效应”：他们将企业暂时取得的成功作为其发现了优质管理的永恒法则的证据。[51]一些成功的企业支持环保事业的事实并不能证明是环堡事业使这些企业取得成功，一些已经发展壮大的企业发现它们有钱做环保。还有一些成功的企业是出于公关的目的而从事环保事业。在所有这些积极倡导可持续发展的新兴企业中，肯定有100家企业是通过向大气排放废气或向河流排放有毒污水而发展起来的。
J.不管怎样，世界经济论坛和波士顿咨询公司的这份研究的核心信息——新兴国家中的一些最为优秀的企业正在将环保与盈利相结合一是发人深省的。[47]许多批判环保主义的人认为，环保是发达国家才能有的奢侈品：穷人首先要解决温饱问题，然后才能谈及对超洁净空气的需求。有些人甚至将环保事业看作发达国家的阴谋：西方国家通过工业化(以及污染环境)致富了，现在却想要阻止其他国家走同样的道路。世界经济论坛和波士顿咨询公司的这份报名表明，这些担忧被夸大了。新兴国家的企业也可以和它们西方国家的竞争对手一样追求环保。[53]很多人发现，当自然资源匮乏而消费者又资金短缺时，环保室业不失为一项利润丰厚的企业发展战略。
【答案解析】
46.D
解析：题干意为，一家空调制造商利用建筑物中的废热来为机器提供动力。注意抓住题干中的关键信息air-conditionermanufacturer和wasteheatfrombuildings。文中D段倒数第二句提到，中国的空调制造商远大集团利用建筑物中的废热来为机器提供动力。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为D。
47.J
解析：题干意为，批判环保主义的人认为，环保是发达国家才能有的奢侈品，因为那不是穷人最急需的。注意抓住题干中的关键信息critics of environmentalism和a rich.world luxury。文中J段第二句提到，许多批判环保主义的人认为，环保是发达国家才能有的奢侈品：穷人首先要解决温饱问题，然后才能谈及对超洁净空气的需求。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为J。
48.F
解析：题干意为，可持续发展先进企业的员工被鼓励提出环保的想法。注意抓住题干中的关键信息workers和motivatedtobringforwardgreenideas。文中F段第三句提到，这些“可持续发展先进企业”还鼓励员工提出环保创意。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为F。
49.B
解析：题干意为，研究新兴世界的成功企业为促进可持续发展做了些什么是很有意义的，因为大多数人生活在那里。注意抓住题干中的关键信息successful companies in the emerging world和sustainablegrowth。文中B段末句提到，鉴于大多数人都生活在新兴世界，因此研究一下这些国家的成功企业为促进可持续发展做了些什么是很有意义的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为B。
S0.G
解析：题干意为，新兴市场中的企业有许多更广泛的问题需要考虑，所以它们很难持续专注于某一个特定的问题。注意抓住题干中的关键信息difficult、companiesin emergingmarkets和widerproblems。文中G段首句提到，在新兴市场中，企业很难专注于某一特定领域，因为它们还得考虑从糟糕的基础设施到不稳定的供应链等很多更广泛的问题。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为G。
51.I
解析：题干意为，尽管一些成功的企业支持环保事业，但这并不意味着环保事业能够引领企业取得成功。注意抓住题干中的关键信息embracedgreenery和the SUCCESS ofafirm。文中I段第三句提到，一些成功的企业支持环保事业的事实并不能证明是环保事业使这些企业取得成功。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述。故答案为I。
52.C
解析：题干意为，本土思维可能比西方国家凭空想象的做法更容易被各企业所效仿。注意抓住题干中的关键信息beeasier、home—grownideas和West。文中C段末句提到，比起西方国家臆想出来的对策，起源于本土的理念可能更容易为其他企业所效仿。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为C。
53.J
解析：题干意为，有人发现，当自然资源匮乏而消费者又资金短缺时，环保事业将会十分有利可图。注意抓住题干中的关键信息greenery、profitable和natural resources are scarce。文中J段末句提到，很多人发现，当自然资源匮乏而消费者又资金短缺时，环保事业不失为一项利润丰厚的企业发展战略。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为J。
54.E
解析：题干意为，埃及的一家食品生产商Sekem设定了通过有机.农业改造沙漠化土地的目标。注意抓住题干中的关键信息Sekem、reclaimdesertland和organicfarming。文中E段第二句提到，埃及的一家食品生产商Sekem以通过有机种植来改造沙漠化的土地为己任。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述。故答案为E。
55.H
解析：题千意为，为了开拓未来市场，这些企业常常会努力接触并培养低收入消费者，而这常常以牺牲一些短期利益为代价。注意抓住题千中的关键信息futuremarkets、educatepoor consumers和short-termprofits。文中H段第一句提到，这些企业还努力接触、培养低收入消费者，时常为了开拓未来市场而牺牲短期利益。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为H。