四级阅读理解练习题1
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people's. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle--compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.
If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer. Let's end this nonsense of grades, exams,marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must someday learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.
Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, "But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get in the world?" Don't worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.
56. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?
A. By imitating what other people do.
B. By making mistakes and having them corrected.
C. By listening to explanations from skilled people.
D. By asking a great many questions.
57. The passage suggests that learning to speak and leaming to fide a bicycle are __________.
A. not really important skills
B. more important than other skills
C. basically different from learning adult skills
D. basically the same as learning other skills
58. According to the passage, the author thinks teachers in school should__________.
A. allow children to learn by himself or herself
B. point out children's mistakes whenever they're found
C. correct children's mistakes as soon as possible
D. give children more book knowledge
59. The author believes the teacher's role in children's learning should be__________.
A. the identifier and corrector of their errors
B. their helper and guide
C. the person to grade their performance and give feedbacks
D. the person to pass on something essential to them
60. The title of this passage could probably be__________.
A. Let Teachers Stop Work
B. Let Us Make Children Learn
C. Let Children Correct Their Own Papers
D. Let Children Learn by Themselves
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.
Psychologists who study optimization ( 最优化 ) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent (相关的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with succinct ( 简洁的) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"
61. Of the following stepsis the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.
A. listing the consequences of each solution
B. calculating a numerical summary of each solution
C. writing down all possible solutions
D. deciding which consequences are most important
62. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that__________.
A. has the fewest variables to consider
B. uses the most decision worksheets
C. has the most points assigned to it
D. is agreed to by the greatest number of people
63. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of__________.
A. describing a process
B. classifying different types
C. providing historical background
D. explaining a theory
64. The author's attitude towards a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is __________.
A. neural
B. approving
C. ambiguous
D. biased
65. The passage mainly discusses __________.
A. a tool to assist in making complex decisions
B. a comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
C. research on how people make decisions
D. differences between making long-range and short-range decisions
【答案解析】
56.A
定位：根据题干信息thebestwayforchildrentolearnthings可将答案定位到第一段前半部分。
解析：第一段首句提出了文章的论点：“Let childrenlearntojudgetheirownwork.(让孩子学着评价自己的工作。)”接着举例说：“一个学说话的孩子一天到晚都在注意自己讲的话跟周围人讲的有什么不同。
这样慢慢地，他就自然而然地作出改变，说话跟其他人一样了。同样，孩子学别的东西时……他们会观察那些技术更熟练的人们是怎样做的，对比之后就会作出必要的改变。”可见作者认为，小孩最好的学习方法就是模仿别人怎么做。故选A。
57.D
定位：根据题干信息learningto speak andlearningto ride abicycle可将答案定位到第一段中间部分。
解析：learningto speak和learningto ride abicycle出现在第一段。作者在说明自己观点的时候，将学说话与学习其他技能(比如走、跑、爬、吹口哨、骑车等)进行了对比，并且认为孩子学习说话和学习其他技能的基本方式是一样的，都是通过模仿然后进行自我调整。故选D。
58.A
定位：根据题干信息teachers in school should可将答案定位到第一段后半部分。
解析：第一段后半部分作者建议说：“我们总是表现得好像我们觉得他们永远不会自己发现错误，非得我们指出来让他们改正不可。很快孩子就变得依赖老师了。放手让他靠自己吧。让他自己解决问题吧，如果他想的话，可以请其他孩子帮忙……”作者直言不讳，认为应该让孩子们自己发现自己的错误，如果需要的话，也可以请其他孩子来帮助。指出学生的问题和错误，不可以也不需要老师包办。故选A。
59.B
定位：根据题干信息the teacher’s role in children’s learning可将答案定位到第二段第四句。
解析：该句提到：“我们的工作应当是在孩子找不到问题的正确答案时给予帮助。”第三段第一句也提到：“让他们用最适合自己的方式独立学习，如果他们需要，可以寻求老师的帮助。”可见，老师的作用主要是在学生的学习过程中对他们进行帮助和指导。
60.D
定位：根据题干信息titleofthispassage可知解答本题需通观全文。
解析：文章第一句即提到：“让孩子学着评价自己的工作。”接着，全篇文章都围绕“让孩子自己学习”这个主题展开，提到老师们总是等不及孩子们自己发现问题，就指出他们的错误并帮助他们改正，其实孩子会观察他人如何做，进行模仿，然后作出改变来使自己的行为、认知与他人更接近。故选D。
【答案解析】
61.C
定位：根据题干信息occursbeforetheothers,makingadecisionworksheet可将答案定位到第一段中间部分。
解析：作者在介绍制作决策工作表单的步骤时第一句就提到：“工作表单需要人们将问题以清晰简洁的方式表现出来，然后列出所有可能解决问题的方案。”接下来，每种方案才被逐一分析。可见在四个选项中，C项在其他步骤之前。故选c。
62.C
定位：根据题干信息anoptimaldecision可将答案定位到第一段最后两句。
解析：文中提到，这种工作表单可以产生“最优化”效果，“通过将各种数值加在一起，运用数学计算的方法就可以作出一个决定。其中，综合分数最高的解决方案即为最佳选择。”可见，最好的决定必然是得分最高的选项。故选C。
63.A
定位：根据题干信息paragraph 1可将答案定位到第一段。
解析：本题考查第一段的写作逻辑。作者在第一段首先提出论点，即使用决策工作表单来作决定是最佳方法之一，接着展开论述，在论述的时候，对这种工作表单的具体使用方法和操作步骤进行了介绍，重点在于描述过程。故选A。
64.B
定位：根据题干信息a pencil and paper decision—making procedure可将答案定位到第二段第二句。
解析：该句提到：“用纸笔作决定的好处就是，相比一般情况下大脑可以理解和记忆的信息，纸笔记录可以使人能处理更多的变量。”后文也提到，这种借助纸和笔的工作表单在处理很多变量及其复杂关系时有很大帮助。可见，作者对于这种决策方法持支持的态度，故选B。
65.A
定位：根据题干信息the passage mainly discusses可知解答本题需通观全文。
解析：文章首句提到：“作出重要决定的一个最佳方法就是使用决策工作表单”。接着，作者介绍了利用这种工作表单得出最优决定的方法。第二段提到借助纸笔完成的工作表单比单纯用头脑记忆更有效，能帮助分析和处理更加复杂的问题。第三段提到这种工作表单要求对问题的描述比较简洁，而且要分清短期目标和长期目标。可见，文章通篇都是在介绍这种能帮助人们分析复杂问题的决策工作表单。故选A。