高考英语语法专项突破：动词时态和语态(2)
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英语备考
III.被动语态的用法
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由"情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式"构成。
1.被动语态的适用范围
①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。
This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。
②为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。
③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者
You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 据说……
It's reported that… 据报道…… It's not decided that…尚未决定
It's believed that… 据认为…… It's announced that…据宣布……
2.被动语态的句型
①常见句式是：主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)
He was scolded by the English teacher.
②主语+get+过去分词+其它成分
The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”
在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
▲get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形
式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指"最后终于，突然发生"等意义。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
▲get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。
The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)
▲get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)
How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上’之意)
▲get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired. 她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)
She was tired. (只表示”她累了”)
③带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike.®被动：▲I was lent a bike(by her).
▲A bike was lent to me(by her).
④情态动词+be+过去分词
This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
⑤双重被动式：主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.
3.主动表示被动的几种情况
①不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态
常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等
This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。
These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。
Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
②一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等
The apples taste good.
The flower smells wonderful.
The news proved/turned out true
Cotton feels soft.
4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况
①当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him.
②当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)
We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.
③动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式
He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.
类似lose heart词组的还有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等
④take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态
She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.
⑤当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人 The war lasted four years. 这场战争持续了4年 ⑥当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时
The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。
My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
⑦当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
⑧当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
⑨当用非谓语动词作宾语时
He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语
I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟 注意：少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后 He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。
5.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.
【高考预测】
1.—Why didn’t you buy the calculator?
—I ______, but Mother ______ allow me.
A. would want to; didn’t B. had wanted to; didn’t
C. wanted to; wouldn’t D. had wanted to; wouldn’t
2.—This returned scholar has become one of the top experts in this field.
—Yes, I know him very well. He ______ for ten years at an institute in the USA.
A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working
3. We _______ dinner at six o’clock when JSTV _______ to show the film “If you are not the one”.
A. are having; will start B. will be having; starts
C. have; will start D. will have had; starts
4. —Is Robert abroad ?
—I think so. He _____ for a better job, but he didn’t get it.
A.hopes B.has hoped C.was hoped D.had hoped
5. Mr. Wang _____ table tennis well, though he suffers from a waist pain and _____ it for a long time.
A. played; has not played B. plays; had not played
C. plays; did not play D. plays; has not played
6. —Isn’t it a great surprise that I happened to meet my university English teacher at the South Bank Parkland last week?
—How long ____ you _____ each other, then?
A. hadn’t; seen B. haven’t; seen C. didn’t; see D. don’t; see
7. It is said that the meeting ______ for three hours. Why should I regret missing it?!
A. has lasted B. has been lasting C. lasted D. had lasted
8. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting______.
A.was holding B.had held C.was to hold D.was to be held
9. 一Is there any possible way to help them get rid of such a bad habit?
一To tell the truth, it’s very hard.But we on this problem.
A.worked B.had worked C.are working D.had been working
10. —Is there anything wrong with you, Jake? You look so pale.
—I feel very tired.I _____on this boring paper every day so far this month.
A.work B.have been working C.had been working D.am working
11. —Look out, there is a bus ahead.
—Oh, dear, _________
A. I am not noticing it B. I haven’t noticed it C. I wasn’t noticing it D. I had not noticed it
12. The truck ran down the hill, and the driver _________, according to the local newspaper, to have been killed.
A. was reported B. was reporting C. reported D. had been reported
13. He will come to see you the moment he his work.
A. will finish B. finishes C. would finish D. had finished
14. The news came as no surprise to me. I for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know
15. —I'm going to the USA.
—How long you there?
A. are; staying B. are; stayed C. have; stayed D. did; stay
16. —Tom, it’s time that you _______your own clothes.
—I would rather you _______that for me just like before.
A. washed; had done B. wash; have done C. washed; have done D. wash; had washed
17. It’s reported that by the end of this year the output of cars of the factory by about 20%
A.will have risen B.will be raised C.will rise D.will have been risen
18. — Had we been more careful, the accident might not have happened.
— But we _____ at that time.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t C. weren’t D. might not
19. —I’m sure Andrew will come out first in this gymnastic competition.
—I think so. He ______ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
20. —Miss wang once art at Bardon School for ten years and now is a singer.
—No wonder I often hear her sing in the garden.
A. had taught B. taught C. is teaching D. has been teaching
21.—I wonder how long you _____ in Hawaii.
—Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angeles.
A.will stay B.were staying C.have stayed D.stayed
22.—I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.
—You________ your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing
23.—Hi, Nancy, I you had come back. So have you graduated from college?
—Yes. I_______ French for four years in Nanjing.
A. don’t know,have studied B.didn’t know, had studied
C. didn’t know,studied D.don’t know, am studying
24. ____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requires that
25. —Do you think we should accept that offer? —Yes，we should，for we______ such bad luck up till now，and time______ out. A. have had;is running B. had;is running C. have;has been run D. have had;has been run 26.—You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I_______ for a friend from England at the airport.
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited
27.—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
—I had just finished my work and ___ to take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
28. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenged
29. —Would you like to join us in playing the game?
—I’m sorry, but my homework ______ by now.
A. hasn’t finished B. hasn’t been finished C. isn’t finished D. won’t be finished
30. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _____ each year.
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
31. The boy insisted that he the money and he at once.
A. not steal; be set free B. hadn't stolen; be set free
C. didn't steal; should be set free D. hadn't stolen; set free
32.As your spoken English gets better, so_____ your written English.
A. will B. does C. is D. has
33.—Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?
—I ______, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
A. had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t
34. —Why does the river smell terrible?
—Because large quantities of water__________.
A.have polluted B.is being polluted C.has been polluted D.have been polluted
35.The company _______ a rise in salary for ages but nothing has happened yet.
A. has been promising B. had promised C. promised D. promises
36. — Have you handed in your papers?
—Yes, we have. I guess they ___________ now.
A. have corrected B. are corrected C. are being corrected D. are correcting
37.The cause he had devoted himself to __________a perfect success.
A. proving B.proved C. was proved D.has been proved
38. —Good morning. Doctor Brown’s office.
—Hello, this is Tom Smith. Could you please tell Doctor Brown I ____? My car____ start.
A.was delayed，doesn’t B. will be delayed, won’t
C. am delayed, didn’t D would delay, mustn’t
39.— Could you lend me that book you _______ me about when I telephoned you?
— No, I am sorry, I can’t. I gave it to a friend.
A. were telling B. would tell C. had told D. had been telling
40.— Sorry, I _______ to buy the book you need for you.
— Never mind. _______ it myself after school.
A. forget; I’d rather buy B. forgot; I’ll buy
C. forgot; I’m going to buy D. forget; I’d better buy
41.I didn’t get into the two-hour quarrel; I know how it _________, though.
A. would break out B. has broken out C. was breaking out D. had broken out
42.—We to put off our school sports meet until next month.
—I that.
A. have decided; didn’t expect B. decided; didn’t expect
C. have decided; haven’t expected D. decide; don’t expect
43.Unfortunately, when I dropped in, Doctor Li _____ for Beijing to join in the fight again H1N1, so we only had time for a few words.
A. just left B. has just left C. is just leaving D. was just leaving
44.In recent years many football clubs ______ as business to make a profit.
A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run
45.No conclusion _______ about whether to tear down the old buildings for a theme park until several discussions have been made.
A.will be reached B.is reached C.is being reached D.had been reached
46.—Have you finished your composition already, Jack?
—Yes, I ____ it within half an hour.
A.have finished B.finished C.finish D.had finished
47.I became a teacher in 1993. I _______ for 13 years by next summer.
A. has taught B. will teach C. has been teaching D. will have been teaching
48.—What happened?
—Well, the wind _____ the door open. I' ve already closed it.
A.is blowing B.has blown C.blew D.had blown
49. —My nephew will come tomorrow.
— But I’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.
A. came B. is coming C. will come D. had come
50. — May I remind you that a Mr Li is waiting outside, sir?
—Oh, that is right, I ____ about it.
A. forget B. had forgotten C forgot D. have forgotten
【参考答案】
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