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高三英语语法和惯用法

时间: 谢君2 英语备考

  高三英语语法和惯用法(一)

  一般说来,分词作状语,它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况。如:

  (1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达,它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如:

  Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。

  Judging from what you say,he ought to succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。

  Considering the distance,he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程,他到达得很快。

  Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素,你最好离开。

  (2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时,有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如:

  Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少,我能做的事很有限。

  Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人,但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。

  (3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词,此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如:

  Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词,意为“假若”)

  Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验,这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词,意为“考虑到”)

  (4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时,也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如:

  In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)

  高三英语语法和惯用法(二)

  在通常情况下,分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,若不一致,则应改用其他句型,如:

  误:Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.

  正:Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。

  正:When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。

  解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题,也可在分词前加一个名词或代词,使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式,故称分词的独立主格结构。如:

  The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

  The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好,我们就去游泳了。

  He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席,什么事也干不成。

  以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。

  高三英语语法和惯用法(三)

  它们在引导表语从句中很容易混淆,区别于下。如:

  (1) 当主语是reason(原因)时,后面的表语从句的引导词通常用that。如:

  The reason why he didn’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet. 他昨天没有参加聚会是因为他还没有回来。

  【注】在现代英语中,有时也用 because,但不如用 that 普通。

  (2) why和 because 都可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调的原因。如:

  I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet all through. 我既没穿雨衣,也没带雨伞,所以全身都淋湿了。

  I got wet all through. That’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. 我全身都淋湿了,因为我既没穿雨衣,也没带雨伞。

  高三英语语法和惯用法(四)

  分词作状语,它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语,否则会出错。请看下例。如:

  (1) Finding her car stolen, ______.

  A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly

  C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help

  此题答案应选D,因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”,而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。

  在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动,如:

  (2) _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it.

  A. Having been told B. Though to be told

  C. Having told D. He was told

  根据句意,he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看,应该是“被告诉”在先,“没有理解”在后,故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but,情况有所不同。如:

  (3) _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.

  A. Having been told B. Though he was told

  C. To have been told D. He was told

  此题答案选D,句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句,同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子,而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。


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