自考英语二复习资料之第六章
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Key words and phrases
1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根词：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的
1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.
2). She is very _____ in reducing waste.
3). His ____ study method caused his failure.
4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.
Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective
2. increasingly: ad不断增加地， 由此可以联想到：
increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不断增加的; decrease: v减少；
1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.
2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent.
3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.
3. prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular
4. calculator : n 计算者，计算器，calculate: v 计算；calculation : n 计算; calculating: a 诡计多端的
5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure: n; expose sb to sth让某人接触。。。
6. completion: n 完成、结束，由此可以联想到：
complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的
1). He ____ denied the existence of god.
2). He has never ____ a project on time.
3). Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.
4). When will the new railway ________?
7). intensity : n 强烈、剧烈，由此可以联想到：
intense = strong: a 强烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加强的；intensify: v 加强；intension: n 强烈、紧张。
1). We should ____ the struggle for peace.
2). There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.
3). They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.
4). They kept working in the ____ heat.
Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense
8. defective : a 有缺点的，defect: n 缺点
9. assemble: v 集合、装配； assembly: n 装配
10. expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面临、遭受
1). People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.
2). I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.
11. in that: 在于，因为
1). I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.
12. in question: 正被谈论的，正被考虑的(通常放在被修饰名词后面)
We know nothing about the plan in question.
Analyze the difficult sentences
1. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2)
翻译：今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。
分析：该句的考点是where引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰in the automotive industry。另外请注意几个词的用法：employ: v 雇佣，使用，相当于use; program: v 编写程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?
such...as例如，welding and spray painting是动名词，做宾语。
2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3)
翻译：除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些。
分析：该句考点如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是现在分词短语做定语；to be seen不定式的被动概念；although to a lesser degree让步状语，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反义词：to a larger degree.
3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3)
翻译：核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。
分析：主语：The robots；谓语：handle；宾语：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是过去分词短语做定语；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是现在分词短语做伴随状语。being exposed to动名词被动语态；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。
4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4)
翻译：机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务。
分析：该句重要考点：in that,相当于because, 所引导从句表原因。如：
Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.
5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5)
翻译：人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉。
分析：该句的主语是whether引导的主语从句。（有关知识请见课后补充语法。），it 是形式主语；as good as human vision是后置定语修饰vision;
6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6)
翻译：在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。
分析：请注意该句中几个-ing的区别：working on other advances是非谓语动词中的现在分词；are designing and experimenting是谓语动词的进行时态；giving robots a sense of touch是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语。词组：experiment with sth实验。。。
7. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7)
翻译：未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作。
分析：主语：These future robots；谓语：will have；宾语：plenty of work to do。
assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式to see and make decisions是另外一个定语，修饰the ability.
词组：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth装备有。。。；a sense of touch触觉，同样的短语还有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出决定；plenty of sth充足的，足够的
8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7)
翻译：任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。
分析：这句话是国考题目中常考的。考点：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是现在分词短语做定语，修饰anyone. 词组：know about sth了解。。。，懂得。。。。
补充语法知识：名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.
4).It is John that broke the window.
必背
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
It is said that... 据说…… It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
2.主语从句的语序
主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
3. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
二．宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
1. 宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 从句是一般现在时
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 从句是一般将来时
当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 从句是一般过去时
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 从句是过去将来时
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 从句是过去进行时
当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
2. 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don't believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） Key words and phrases
1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning
2.shift: v/n 替换，转移，改变，转变，轮班
1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.
2).The wind shifted from east to north.
3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.
3.speculate: v 思索、推测，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n
4.datum: n 资料、数据，复数形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 细菌，bacteria;
medium, media.
5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的
6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.
7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 过时的，to date: 至今
1).Will long dress go out of date next year?
2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.
3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.
8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 复数形式：analyses.
9.work on:从事…； 对…有影响
1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.
2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.
10.set sth up:设立、建立、提出
1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.
2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.
3).Einstein set up many important theories.
Analyze the difficult sentences:
1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)
翻译：科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划。
分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主体部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是动词不定式做定语，修饰program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是动词predict的宾语从句，注意疑问句的语序。词组：work on:从事…，对…有影响，如：
The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.
2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)
翻译：他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。
分析：该句中that引导的定语从句修饰an early warning system，另外，so that引导目的状语从句。注意，情态动词的被动语态在这句话中的用法。
3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)
翻译：有记载的两次最大的地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加。
分析：主语Two of the biggest earthquakes，谓语took place。该句考点，形容词最高级，the biggest; that were ever recorded是定语从句；were recorded表示“被记录”；词组：take place发生、举行，请注意：该词无被动语态。如：
Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.
4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, …..(P4)
翻译：积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本…。
分析：该句考点，词组be involved in sth参与…；或be actively involved in sth积极地参与…如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.
5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4)
翻译：这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况。
分析：这句话的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是两个套在一起的定语从句，均是由that引导的，第一个修饰warning signs；第二个修饰the weakening of rock layers。词组：on the alert: 警戒、防备着…如：
Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.
6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)
翻译：他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化。
分析：词组：watch for密切注意…；be associated with同…有关系。
7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)
翻译：人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震。
分析：that引导的是宾语从句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推测语气；with any reliability带有任何可能性。
8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6)
翻译：尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段。
分析：本句中的while意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。请看下面的句子，区分while含义：
1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.
2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.
3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.
Grammar: 倒装句
英语中主语在前,谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。
由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.
Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room
A.is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C.smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A.man did know B.man know C.didn't man know D.did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French.So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
答案：B.nor为增补意思'也不关心'，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为'的确如此'。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意： 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
其他部分倒装
1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题
1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A.man did know B.man knew C.didn't man know D.did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A.didn't I realize B.did I realize C.I didn't realize D.I realize
答案为B。
3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.
A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根词：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的
1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.
2). She is very _____ in reducing waste.
3). His ____ study method caused his failure.
4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.
Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective
2. increasingly: ad不断增加地， 由此可以联想到：
increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不断增加的; decrease: v减少；
1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.
2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent.
3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.
3. prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular
4. calculator : n 计算者，计算器，calculate: v 计算；calculation : n 计算; calculating: a 诡计多端的
5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure: n; expose sb to sth让某人接触。。。
6. completion: n 完成、结束，由此可以联想到：
complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的
1). He ____ denied the existence of god.
2). He has never ____ a project on time.
3). Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.
4). When will the new railway ________?
7). intensity : n 强烈、剧烈，由此可以联想到：
intense = strong: a 强烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加强的；intensify: v 加强；intension: n 强烈、紧张。
1). We should ____ the struggle for peace.
2). There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.
3). They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.
4). They kept working in the ____ heat.
Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense
8. defective : a 有缺点的，defect: n 缺点
9. assemble: v 集合、装配； assembly: n 装配
10. expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面临、遭受
1). People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.
2). I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.
11. in that: 在于，因为
1). I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.
12. in question: 正被谈论的，正被考虑的(通常放在被修饰名词后面)
We know nothing about the plan in question.
Analyze the difficult sentences
1. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2)
翻译：今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。
分析：该句的考点是where引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰in the automotive industry。另外请注意几个词的用法：employ: v 雇佣，使用，相当于use; program: v 编写程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?
such...as例如，welding and spray painting是动名词，做宾语。
2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3)
翻译：除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些。
分析：该句考点如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是现在分词短语做定语；to be seen不定式的被动概念；although to a lesser degree让步状语，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反义词：to a larger degree.
3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3)
翻译：核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。
分析：主语：The robots；谓语：handle；宾语：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是过去分词短语做定语；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是现在分词短语做伴随状语。being exposed to动名词被动语态；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。
4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4)
翻译：机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务。
分析：该句重要考点：in that,相当于because, 所引导从句表原因。如：
Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.
5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5)
翻译：人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉。
分析：该句的主语是whether引导的主语从句。（有关知识请见课后补充语法。），it 是形式主语；as good as human vision是后置定语修饰vision;
6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6)
翻译：在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。
分析：请注意该句中几个-ing的区别：working on other advances是非谓语动词中的现在分词；are designing and experimenting是谓语动词的进行时态；giving robots a sense of touch是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语。词组：experiment with sth实验。。。
7. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7)
翻译：未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作。
分析：主语：These future robots；谓语：will have；宾语：plenty of work to do。
assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式to see and make decisions是另外一个定语，修饰the ability.
词组：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth装备有。。。；a sense of touch触觉，同样的短语还有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出决定；plenty of sth充足的，足够的
8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7)
翻译：任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。
分析：这句话是国考题目中常考的。考点：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是现在分词短语做定语，修饰anyone. 词组：know about sth了解。。。，懂得。。。。
补充语法知识：名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.
4).It is John that broke the window.
必背
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
It is said that... 据说…… It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
2.主语从句的语序
主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
3. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
二．宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
1. 宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 从句是一般现在时
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 从句是一般将来时
当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 从句是一般过去时
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 从句是过去将来时
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 从句是过去进行时
当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
2. 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don't believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） Key words and phrases
1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning
2.shift: v/n 替换，转移，改变，转变，轮班
1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.
2).The wind shifted from east to north.
3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.
3.speculate: v 思索、推测，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n
4.datum: n 资料、数据，复数形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 细菌，bacteria;
medium, media.
5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的
6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.
7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 过时的，to date: 至今
1).Will long dress go out of date next year?
2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.
3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.
8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 复数形式：analyses.
9.work on:从事…； 对…有影响
1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.
2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.
10.set sth up:设立、建立、提出
1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.
2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.
3).Einstein set up many important theories.
Analyze the difficult sentences:
1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)
翻译：科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划。
分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主体部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是动词不定式做定语，修饰program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是动词predict的宾语从句，注意疑问句的语序。词组：work on:从事…，对…有影响，如：
The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.
2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)
翻译：他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。
分析：该句中that引导的定语从句修饰an early warning system，另外，so that引导目的状语从句。注意，情态动词的被动语态在这句话中的用法。
3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)
翻译：有记载的两次最大的地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加。
分析：主语Two of the biggest earthquakes，谓语took place。该句考点，形容词最高级，the biggest; that were ever recorded是定语从句；were recorded表示“被记录”；词组：take place发生、举行，请注意：该词无被动语态。如：
Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.
4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, …..(P4)
翻译：积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本…。
分析：该句考点，词组be involved in sth参与…；或be actively involved in sth积极地参与…如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.
5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4)
翻译：这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况。
分析：这句话的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是两个套在一起的定语从句，均是由that引导的，第一个修饰warning signs；第二个修饰the weakening of rock layers。词组：on the alert: 警戒、防备着…如：
Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.
6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)
翻译：他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化。
分析：词组：watch for密切注意…；be associated with同…有关系。
7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)
翻译：人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震。
分析：that引导的是宾语从句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推测语气；with any reliability带有任何可能性。
8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6)
翻译：尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段。
分析：本句中的while意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。请看下面的句子，区分while含义：
1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.
2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.
3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.
Grammar: 倒装句
英语中主语在前,谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。
由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.
Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room
A.is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C.smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A.man did know B.man know C.didn't man know D.did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French.So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
答案：B.nor为增补意思'也不关心'，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为'的确如此'。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意： 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
其他部分倒装
1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题
1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A.man did know B.man knew C.didn't man know D.did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A.didn't I realize B.did I realize C.I didn't realize D.I realize
答案为B。
3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.
A.nor don't I care B.nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。