自考英语(一)复习资料第四章(2)
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公共课
本课简介
本课介绍了在如何增强记忆方面心理学所做的研究。信息的意义，组织，联想和想像是有助于记忆的几个基本原则。如何运用这些基本原则呢？课文对此一一作了介绍，条理十分清楚。学了本课，相信会有收获。
本课语言点
1. Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.
research 在本句中做名词，这个词也可以做动词用。请看下面的例句，注意research的词类和用法：
Scientists have been researching on / into the causes of brain damage.
（科学家们一直对脑损伤的起因进行研究。）
focus on 是一个常用词组，意思是“集中”，在生词部分已作了较为详细的讲解，在此，请翻译几个句子：
她觉得很不自在，因为所有的目光都注视着她。（She felt very uneasy as all eyes were focused on her.）
a number of 的意思是“许多”。请看下面的例句，注意a number of 和the number of 的区别：
1） A number of factories have been shut down because of pollution problems.
（由于污染问题许多工厂被关闭了。）
2） The number of students in our school increases every year.（我们学校的学生人数每年都在增加。）
2. It is useful to know how these principles work.
it 在句中做形式主语，真正的主语to know how these principles work，此类结构我们在第一和第二单元已有了解。请看下面的句子：
It is important to find out why the forest fire broke out.（找出森林大火的原因很重要。）
It is difficult to know what he is thinking about.（要想知道他在想什么很困难。）
work 在本句中的意思是“起作用；产生影响”，
3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.
affect 是动词，意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆，请注意下面的句子：
1） The drought would surely affect the harvest.（这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。）
2） We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。）
4. Information that doesn’t make any sense to you is difficult to remember.
that引导的定语从句修饰information； 主句是Information is difficult to remember.
不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。
make sense 的意思是“有意义；可理解”。请看下面的句子：
His explanation makes no sense to his students.（学生们不理解他的解释。）
5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.
动词不定式to remember在句中做定语，修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子：
He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.（他遵守了一大早来的诺言。）
make a difference 的意思是“有关系；有影响；起作用”。请看下面的句子：
1） What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.
（他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。）
2） Your participation in the work will make a great difference.（你参与我们的工作，情况就不一样了。）
6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
句中的better是副词well的比较级形式，意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子：
This job is better paid than that one.（这份工作的报酬比那份高。）
information是一个不可数名词，不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句：
7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”，它与be made up of；be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句：
1） The United States consists of 50 states.（美国由50个州组成。）
2） Our class is made up of 45 students.（我们班由45名同学组成。）
a bit在句中的意思是“一点，一些”，它可以用在形容词的前面， 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句：
1） I am a bit tired today.（我今天有点累。）
2） I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.
（如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。）
8. Categorizing is another means of organization.
句中的means是一个名词，意思是“方式；手段”，它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句：
Email is a modern means of communication. （电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。）
9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows：
group into在句中的意思是“把…分组；把…归类”。请看例句：
as follows 的意思是“如下”，请看例句：
1） The full text reads as follows： （全文如下：）
2） The results are as follows： （结果如下：）
10Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
划线部分是该句的主要成分，forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语，can help做谓语，us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。
斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构，做方式状语，修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image.
不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构，做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见，在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句：
1） Would you like Tom to go with you？（你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗？）
2） He wants you to see him in the afternoon.（他想让你下午去见他。）
3） Father encouraged him to study harder.（父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。）
4） I will get someone to help you.（我去找个人来帮你。）
“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见，请看例句：
With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.（随着这个问题的解决，计划正顺利进行。）
本课主要词组及句型
词组：
1. focus on 2. a number of
3. at all levels 4. make sense
5. make a difference 6. in random order
7. consist of 8. group into
9. as follows 10. needless to say
11. refer to 12. relate…to
13. associate with 14. compare with
句型：
A.定语从句
1） Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.
2） Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember
3） There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.
4） Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
5） Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.
B. 动名词做主语
1） Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
2） Categorizing is another means of organization.
3） Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
Text B Short-term Memory
短语表达
1. at a later time
Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time.
I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time.
2. in contrast （with / to）
Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent.
His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness.
3. look up
I don't remember Tom's telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me？
4. be unable to
He was unable to provide us with more information.
5. be released from
He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years.
6. be rewarded with
The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers.
If the rat could find the right door， it would be rewarded with food.
语法讲解：
句子的用途分类：
参照课本第107-110页
我们重点讲解反意疑问句和感叹句的用法：
1．反意疑问句：
构成：
需要注意的问题：
陈述部分由否定词never,seldom,后面疑问部分就用肯定形式，但如果是通过加了反义前缀构成了与原来意义相反的词，那后面疑问部分仍然用否定形式。
She has never been to Beijing ,_has she_?
She's unhappy, isn't she ?
2.感叹句：
she's a pretty girl.
What a pretty girl (she is ) !
He is causing a lot of trouble.
What a lot of trouble he is causing !
The girl is pretty.
How pretty the girl is !
The book is interesting .
How interesting the book is!
巩固练习：
用what , how 填空：
___bad weather!
___cold it is !
____beautiful flowers!
_____funny!
____a pity!
用正确的形式填空：
Nobody knows about that , ____?
She must have been in the classroom , _____?
It must have rained last night , ____?