自考英语(一)复习资料第十章
时间：
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公共课
Text A Scientific Attitudes
搭配：
1. Seek answers to questions 寻找什么问题的答案（seek的过去式：sought）/动词词组
2. lay aside 搁置（lay的过去式：Laid）/动词词组
3. Be curious about 对什么好奇/形容词词组
4. Take apart （e.g. a watch） 拆散/动词词组
5. Combine sth. with sth. 把什么和什么结合在一起/动词词组
6. Carry out the experiment 完成试验/动词词组
7. Belief in sth./sb. 相信某人或某事/名词词组
8. （there is）an explanation for sth. 解释某事/名词性词组
9. There is a good reason why +句子 这就是为什么的原因
10. Not at all 一点也不/副此词组
11. Regardless of 不管；无论/形容词词组
12. Succeed in sth./doing sth. 成工作某事/动词词组
13. The solutions to problems 问题的解决办法/名词的解决方法
14. In advance 提前/副词词组
15. Adapt sth. to sth. 使什么适应什么/动词词组
16. Make up one's mind 下定决心/动词词组
17. Once and for all 一劳永逸地/副词词组
18. Change in thinking 思想的转变/名词词组
19. Make sth. necessary 事某事很必要/动词词组
20. In the light of sth. 根据，参照，考虑到/介词词组
21. Respect for sth. 对什么的尊敬/名词词组，动词词组
22. The difficulty comes up. 问题产生了
23. Base on sth. 根据什么/动词词组
24. It may take time for sth./sb. to do sth. 做某事花某人多长时间
25. Conditions for sth. 什么的条件/名词词组
语言点：
1. Belief的复数形式为beliefs
2. Well-known/著名的
3. Curious（adj.好奇的）——curiosity（n.好奇）；imagine（v.想象）-imagination（n.想象力）
4. Scientifically minded people 有科学头脑的人
5. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered. 在对于现象还无法解释的时候，科学的观点是有理由相信迟早这种解释是可以被发现的。
6. This means the ability to（做什么的能力） face the facts as they are（实事求是） regardless of what one has previously thought.
7. Agree（v.同意）-disagreeable（adj.令人讨厌的）
8. The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant.
I didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when I heard the news.是…还是…
Whether he succeeds or fails， he has to do his best.
He doesn't know whether she is in Britain or she has gone to France.
9. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.
10. Accept（v.接受）-acceptable（adj.可接受的）
11. Scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.
12. New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.
13. Continued progress 继续的发展
14. 时态题：There is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years.
Text B Solving Problems Scientifically
搭配：
1. Arouse one's curiosity 引起某人的注意/动词词组
2. Result from=arise from 由于/动词词组；result in 导致/动词词组
3. Give clue for doing sth. 为做某事提供线索/动词词组
4. Build a firm foundation for doing sth. 为做某事打下坚实的基础/动词词组
5. Make an inference 做推论/动词词组
6. Turn out to be 结果是/动词词组
7. Check with 与什么相符/动词词组
语言点：
1. Once是连接词，表示一旦。
2. A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution. Be well started toward 是什么的良好开端。
3. The development of industry has also brought about large numbers of problems which have to be solved.
4. Related questions 相关问题；unanswered questions 为回答的问题；controlled conditions 被控制的条件
5. Reliable（adj.可信赖的）-unreliable（adj.不可信赖的）
6. Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected， the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. = If the observations or predictions should turn out to be as expected， the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.
本课需要重点掌握的语法现象：动名词
动名词兼有动词和名词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语和定语。
1．作主语
直接将动名词放在句首作主语，谓语动词用单数。
如：Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
Swimming is the best exercise in summer.在夏天，游泳是最好的锻炼方式。
注：a)动名词和不定式都可以作主语，一般可以互换。但有时又略有区别。动名词作主语往往表示一般或抽象的多次行为，不定式作主语表式具体的或一次性的动作。
如：Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）
b)在It is no use(good), not any use (good), useless 等后面一般用动名词作主语。
如：It is no use arguing with him.同他争论无用的。
It is no good learning English without practice.学英语不练是不行的。
2．作表语
如：The real problem is getting to know the difficulties of the students.现实的问题是了解学生的困难。
注：a)动名词和不定式都可以做表语，区别在于：表示抽象的一般的行为时，多用动名词；表示某次具体的动作或具有将来时的意义时，多用不定式。
如：My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。
My today's job is to teach you how to study English. 我今天的任务是教你如何学英语。
b) 动名词作表语时不要与进行时态混淆。进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词作表语，说明主语的性质和情况。
如：He is collecting stamps.他在集邮。（现在进行时）
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。（动名词）
c) 动名词和现在分词作表语的区别：动名词作表语说明主语的内容，而且可以转换到句首作主语；现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征，其作用相当于形容词。
如：His favorite sport is running.他最喜爱的运动是跑步。
可以转换为：Running is his favorite sport.
The film is very moving.这部影片很感人。
3．作宾语
1)必须接动名词作宾语的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, finish, mind, postpone, risk等
如：We'd better postpone discussing it till next week.我们最好把这件事推迟到下星期讨论。
2) 有些动词既可以接动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语。如：attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love, start，need等。如果用动名词，在意义上比较一般和抽象，时间观念不强；如果用不定式则表示具体的动作，有将来时的含义。
如：The boys like playing football.这些男孩们喜欢踢足球。（经常性的动作）
Would you like to play football with us this Sunday? 这个周日愿意和我们一起踢球吗？（指一次动作）
注：need, require, want作需要解时，后面须根动名词或不定式的被动语态作宾语，这时动名词的主动式表示被动的意义。
如：The window needs /wants/requires cleaning (to be cleaned).这个窗户需要清洗。
3）在remember, forget, stop, mean, regret, try, go on等动词后动名词和不定式的区别比较大
如：I remember reading the book.我记得读过这本书。（记得做过某事，已做）
I remember to read the book.我必须记得去读这本书。（记住去做某事，未做）
The old lady forgot telling us the story and told us a second time.那个老太太忘记给我们讲过这个故事，她又讲了一遍。（忘记做过某事，此事已经发生）
I forgot to lock the door this morning.今天早晨我忘记锁门了。（忘记去做某事，此事未做）
Though they were all tired, they wouldn't stop working.虽然他们都很累了，但是他们也不肯停止工作。（停止正在或经常做的事）
After walking a long time, he stopped to have a rest.走了好长时间之后，他停下来休息。（停止某件事，目的是去做另一件事）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。（意味着）
I mean to come early today.我打算今天早些来。（打算）
He regretted saying that to her face.他后悔当她面说那番话。（对做过的事情后悔）
I regret to tell you that I won't go with you.我很遗憾地告诉你，我不能和你一起去。（对要做的事遗憾）
Why not try knocking at the back door?为什么不试试敲后门。（试验，试一试某种方法）
He will try to improve his spoken English.他要设法提高他的英语口语。（努力，企图做某事）
They went on working after dark.天黑之后，他们继续工作。（继续原先没有做完的事情）
After finishing the letter, he went on to read a book.写完信后，他接着读书。（继而做另外一件事）
4）动名词作介词宾语
如：He is against dancing all night.他反对通宵跳舞。
注：下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号
如：in addition to除外， devote oneself to献身于，look forward to期望， be used to习惯于， stick to坚持，lead to导致，object to反对，be opposed to反对，pay attention to注意等
如：He is used to working on the night shift.他已习惯上夜班。
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again.我们非常盼望再见到你。
4．做定语
如：The teacher has many reading materials.老师有很多阅读材料。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我们教师的教学方法很好。
注：动名词和现在分词作定语是有区别的。动名词作定语，和它修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，即它不是该名词发出的动作，只是表明所修饰名词的目的和用途。现在分词作定语表示所修饰的词与分词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping卧车（动名词）
a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡觉的男孩（分词）
5．动名词的复合结构
一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。这种物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构。
1） 逻辑主语是有生命的名词，作主语时，必须名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。
如： Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去会有什么帮助吗？（作宾语）
The student's knowing English well helps him in learning French.这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）
Do you mind my (me) smoking? 你介意我抽烟吗？
2） 逻辑主语是无生命名词时，一般只用名词普通格。
如： Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？
3）逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, anybody, anyone时，只用普通格。
如： She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
6．动名词的时态
动名词的一般式：动名词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。
如：We are interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮感兴趣。
动名词的完成式：动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
如：We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
注：在介词on, upon, for, after之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
如：Excuse me for coming late.请原谅我来晚了。
第二部分 巩固练习
用动词适当形式填空：
1. The text needs___________ (explain) once again.
填 explaining/to be explained. need后面接动名词作宾语主动表被动。
2. The movie is worth ___________ (see).
填seeing. be worth doing.表示值得做什么
3. I've had a hard time ________ (learn) English.
填 learning. have a hard time (in) doing sth.
4. I still remember __________ (take) you to Beijing for the first time.
填 taking. remember doing sth.表示记得做过某事。
5. Clint always remember __________ (turn) off the lights when he leaves the room.
填to return. remember to do记得去做某事
6. Now he regrets ________ ( not, go) to university.
填not going. regret doing sth. 对做过的事情后悔
7. We regret ________ (inform) you that the flight has been cancelled.
填 to inform. regret to do sth. 对要做的事遗憾
8. I regret _________ (let) slip that opportunity.
填letting. regret doing sth. 对做过的事情后悔
9. Peter went on ___________ (sleep) despite the noise.
填sleeping. go on doing继续原先没有做完的事情
10. He welcomed the new students and then went on __________ (explain) the college regulation.
填 to explain. go on to do sth. 继而做另外一件事
11. Mr.Smith regretted _____ (blame) his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
填 blaming. regret doing sth. 对做过的事情后悔
12. The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on ________ (do ) it all the time.
填doing. 继续原先没有做完的事情
13. You must tell me the truth. I insist on _______ (tell) the truth.
填telling. 介词on后面用动名词
搭配：
1. Seek answers to questions 寻找什么问题的答案（seek的过去式：sought）/动词词组
2. lay aside 搁置（lay的过去式：Laid）/动词词组
3. Be curious about 对什么好奇/形容词词组
4. Take apart （e.g. a watch） 拆散/动词词组
5. Combine sth. with sth. 把什么和什么结合在一起/动词词组
6. Carry out the experiment 完成试验/动词词组
7. Belief in sth./sb. 相信某人或某事/名词词组
8. （there is）an explanation for sth. 解释某事/名词性词组
9. There is a good reason why +句子 这就是为什么的原因
10. Not at all 一点也不/副此词组
11. Regardless of 不管；无论/形容词词组
12. Succeed in sth./doing sth. 成工作某事/动词词组
13. The solutions to problems 问题的解决办法/名词的解决方法
14. In advance 提前/副词词组
15. Adapt sth. to sth. 使什么适应什么/动词词组
16. Make up one's mind 下定决心/动词词组
17. Once and for all 一劳永逸地/副词词组
18. Change in thinking 思想的转变/名词词组
19. Make sth. necessary 事某事很必要/动词词组
20. In the light of sth. 根据，参照，考虑到/介词词组
21. Respect for sth. 对什么的尊敬/名词词组，动词词组
22. The difficulty comes up. 问题产生了
23. Base on sth. 根据什么/动词词组
24. It may take time for sth./sb. to do sth. 做某事花某人多长时间
25. Conditions for sth. 什么的条件/名词词组
语言点：
1. Belief的复数形式为beliefs
2. Well-known/著名的
3. Curious（adj.好奇的）——curiosity（n.好奇）；imagine（v.想象）-imagination（n.想象力）
4. Scientifically minded people 有科学头脑的人
5. In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered. 在对于现象还无法解释的时候，科学的观点是有理由相信迟早这种解释是可以被发现的。
6. This means the ability to（做什么的能力） face the facts as they are（实事求是） regardless of what one has previously thought.
7. Agree（v.同意）-disagreeable（adj.令人讨厌的）
8. The worker in science must face facts whether they are pleasant or unpleasant.
I didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when I heard the news.是…还是…
Whether he succeeds or fails， he has to do his best.
He doesn't know whether she is in Britain or she has gone to France.
9. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.
10. Accept（v.接受）-acceptable（adj.可接受的）
11. Scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.
12. New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.
13. Continued progress 继续的发展
14. 时态题：There is an experiment on the sprouting of seeds which has been running for more than 50 years.
Text B Solving Problems Scientifically
搭配：
1. Arouse one's curiosity 引起某人的注意/动词词组
2. Result from=arise from 由于/动词词组；result in 导致/动词词组
3. Give clue for doing sth. 为做某事提供线索/动词词组
4. Build a firm foundation for doing sth. 为做某事打下坚实的基础/动词词组
5. Make an inference 做推论/动词词组
6. Turn out to be 结果是/动词词组
7. Check with 与什么相符/动词词组
语言点：
1. Once是连接词，表示一旦。
2. A thoroughly understood problem is well started toward solution. Be well started toward 是什么的良好开端。
3. The development of industry has also brought about large numbers of problems which have to be solved.
4. Related questions 相关问题；unanswered questions 为回答的问题；controlled conditions 被控制的条件
5. Reliable（adj.可信赖的）-unreliable（adj.不可信赖的）
6. Should the observations or predictions turn out to be as expected， the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. = If the observations or predictions should turn out to be as expected， the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.
本课需要重点掌握的语法现象：动名词
动名词兼有动词和名词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语和定语。
1．作主语
直接将动名词放在句首作主语，谓语动词用单数。
如：Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
Swimming is the best exercise in summer.在夏天，游泳是最好的锻炼方式。
注：a)动名词和不定式都可以作主语，一般可以互换。但有时又略有区别。动名词作主语往往表示一般或抽象的多次行为，不定式作主语表式具体的或一次性的动作。
如：Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）
b)在It is no use(good), not any use (good), useless 等后面一般用动名词作主语。
如：It is no use arguing with him.同他争论无用的。
It is no good learning English without practice.学英语不练是不行的。
2．作表语
如：The real problem is getting to know the difficulties of the students.现实的问题是了解学生的困难。
注：a)动名词和不定式都可以做表语，区别在于：表示抽象的一般的行为时，多用动名词；表示某次具体的动作或具有将来时的意义时，多用不定式。
如：My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。
My today's job is to teach you how to study English. 我今天的任务是教你如何学英语。
b) 动名词作表语时不要与进行时态混淆。进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词作表语，说明主语的性质和情况。
如：He is collecting stamps.他在集邮。（现在进行时）
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。（动名词）
c) 动名词和现在分词作表语的区别：动名词作表语说明主语的内容，而且可以转换到句首作主语；现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征，其作用相当于形容词。
如：His favorite sport is running.他最喜爱的运动是跑步。
可以转换为：Running is his favorite sport.
The film is very moving.这部影片很感人。
3．作宾语
1)必须接动名词作宾语的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, finish, mind, postpone, risk等
如：We'd better postpone discussing it till next week.我们最好把这件事推迟到下星期讨论。
2) 有些动词既可以接动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语。如：attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love, start，need等。如果用动名词，在意义上比较一般和抽象，时间观念不强；如果用不定式则表示具体的动作，有将来时的含义。
如：The boys like playing football.这些男孩们喜欢踢足球。（经常性的动作）
Would you like to play football with us this Sunday? 这个周日愿意和我们一起踢球吗？（指一次动作）
注：need, require, want作需要解时，后面须根动名词或不定式的被动语态作宾语，这时动名词的主动式表示被动的意义。
如：The window needs /wants/requires cleaning (to be cleaned).这个窗户需要清洗。
3）在remember, forget, stop, mean, regret, try, go on等动词后动名词和不定式的区别比较大
如：I remember reading the book.我记得读过这本书。（记得做过某事，已做）
I remember to read the book.我必须记得去读这本书。（记住去做某事，未做）
The old lady forgot telling us the story and told us a second time.那个老太太忘记给我们讲过这个故事，她又讲了一遍。（忘记做过某事，此事已经发生）
I forgot to lock the door this morning.今天早晨我忘记锁门了。（忘记去做某事，此事未做）
Though they were all tired, they wouldn't stop working.虽然他们都很累了，但是他们也不肯停止工作。（停止正在或经常做的事）
After walking a long time, he stopped to have a rest.走了好长时间之后，他停下来休息。（停止某件事，目的是去做另一件事）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。（意味着）
I mean to come early today.我打算今天早些来。（打算）
He regretted saying that to her face.他后悔当她面说那番话。（对做过的事情后悔）
I regret to tell you that I won't go with you.我很遗憾地告诉你，我不能和你一起去。（对要做的事遗憾）
Why not try knocking at the back door?为什么不试试敲后门。（试验，试一试某种方法）
He will try to improve his spoken English.他要设法提高他的英语口语。（努力，企图做某事）
They went on working after dark.天黑之后，他们继续工作。（继续原先没有做完的事情）
After finishing the letter, he went on to read a book.写完信后，他接着读书。（继而做另外一件事）
4）动名词作介词宾语
如：He is against dancing all night.他反对通宵跳舞。
注：下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号
如：in addition to除外， devote oneself to献身于，look forward to期望， be used to习惯于， stick to坚持，lead to导致，object to反对，be opposed to反对，pay attention to注意等
如：He is used to working on the night shift.他已习惯上夜班。
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again.我们非常盼望再见到你。
4．做定语
如：The teacher has many reading materials.老师有很多阅读材料。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我们教师的教学方法很好。
注：动名词和现在分词作定语是有区别的。动名词作定语，和它修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，即它不是该名词发出的动作，只是表明所修饰名词的目的和用途。现在分词作定语表示所修饰的词与分词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping卧车（动名词）
a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡觉的男孩（分词）
5．动名词的复合结构
一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。这种物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构。
1） 逻辑主语是有生命的名词，作主语时，必须名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。
如： Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去会有什么帮助吗？（作宾语）
The student's knowing English well helps him in learning French.这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。（主语）
Do you mind my (me) smoking? 你介意我抽烟吗？
2） 逻辑主语是无生命名词时，一般只用名词普通格。
如： Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？
3）逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, anybody, anyone时，只用普通格。
如： She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
6．动名词的时态
动名词的一般式：动名词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。
如：We are interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮感兴趣。
动名词的完成式：动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
如：We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
注：在介词on, upon, for, after之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
如：Excuse me for coming late.请原谅我来晚了。
第二部分 巩固练习
用动词适当形式填空：
1. The text needs___________ (explain) once again.
填 explaining/to be explained. need后面接动名词作宾语主动表被动。
2. The movie is worth ___________ (see).
填seeing. be worth doing.表示值得做什么
3. I've had a hard time ________ (learn) English.
填 learning. have a hard time (in) doing sth.
4. I still remember __________ (take) you to Beijing for the first time.
填 taking. remember doing sth.表示记得做过某事。
5. Clint always remember __________ (turn) off the lights when he leaves the room.
填to return. remember to do记得去做某事
6. Now he regrets ________ ( not, go) to university.
填not going. regret doing sth. 对做过的事情后悔
7. We regret ________ (inform) you that the flight has been cancelled.
填 to inform. regret to do sth. 对要做的事遗憾
8. I regret _________ (let) slip that opportunity.
填letting. regret doing sth. 对做过的事情后悔
9. Peter went on ___________ (sleep) despite the noise.
填sleeping. go on doing继续原先没有做完的事情
10. He welcomed the new students and then went on __________ (explain) the college regulation.
填 to explain. go on to do sth. 继而做另外一件事
11. Mr.Smith regretted _____ (blame) his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
填 blaming. regret doing sth. 对做过的事情后悔
12. The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on ________ (do ) it all the time.
填doing. 继续原先没有做完的事情
13. You must tell me the truth. I insist on _______ (tell) the truth.
填telling. 介词on后面用动名词