自考“英语语法”基础材料：分词
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分词
分词是非谓语动词的一种,分词有现在分词和过去分词两类。
1.形式及特征
现在分词由动词原形+“ing”构成。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形+“ed”构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有规则。
分词有形容词和动词特征,可以有宾语或状语,现在分词有一般式和完成式,有主动语态和被动语态,而过去分词只有一般式,没有完成式,也没有主动语态。
2.用法
（1）作定语
作定语用的分词如果是单词,则放在它所修饰的名词之前。
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
It is a well-written article. 这是一篇好文章。
作定语用的分词如果是分词短语,则放在它所修饰的名词之后,相当于定语从句。
It is a method used by retailers to attract customers. 这是零售商用来吸引顾客的一种方法。
We wish to introduce ourselves to you as a corporation dealing exclusively in Light Industrial Goods. 我们是专营轻工产品的公司。
（2）作表语
This novel is very interesting. 这本小说很有趣。
The theory sounds quite convincing. 这种说法听起来很有说服力。
分词作表语时,要与现在进行时与被动语态区分开,如：
He is reading the novel. （现在进行时） 他正在读小说。
His interest is reading. （现在分词作表语） 他的兴趣是阅读。
The novel is being read. （过去分词作谓语） 这本小说正在被读。
（3）作状语
①表示时间
Having worked for three hours, she took a rest. 工作了三个小时之后,她休息了一会儿。
Opening the drawer he took out a book. 打开抽屉,他拿出一本书。
②表示原因
Being debits always recorded in amounts equal to credits, the debits and credits should always equal each other. 由于借贷所记的金额是相等的,所以借与贷必须相等。
Inspired by the teacher, the students studied even harder. 在老师的鼓励下,学生们更加努力地学习。
③表示伴随或方式
Laughing and talking, the children went out into the garden. 孩子们又说又笑地走进花园。
④表示结果
The bus was held up in the snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 公共汽车被困在寒风雪中,因此给耽搁了。
Last year the yield climbed again, reaching 1,300 kilograms. 去年产量上升了,达到1,300公斤。
（4）作宾语补足语
We must get everything straightened out. 我们必须把一切弄清楚。
I found that store almost completely rebuilt. 我发现那个商店几乎全部改建过了。
（5）作独立主格
All things considered, the commodities are the best in our firm. 经过充分考虑后,认为这些商品是我们公司的最好商品。
His work finished, he prepares to return to his company. 工作完成后,他准备回公司。
So many directors being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 由于董事缺席过多,我们决定会议延期。
Weather permitting, we'll send the commodities tomorrow. 天气好的话,我们明天就把货送到。
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. 这些货是降低出售的,货物的缺陷总是向顾客们指出的。
分词是非谓语动词的一种,分词有现在分词和过去分词两类。
1.形式及特征
现在分词由动词原形+“ing”构成。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形+“ed”构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有规则。
分词有形容词和动词特征,可以有宾语或状语,现在分词有一般式和完成式,有主动语态和被动语态,而过去分词只有一般式,没有完成式,也没有主动语态。
2.用法
（1）作定语
作定语用的分词如果是单词,则放在它所修饰的名词之前。
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
It is a well-written article. 这是一篇好文章。
作定语用的分词如果是分词短语,则放在它所修饰的名词之后,相当于定语从句。
It is a method used by retailers to attract customers. 这是零售商用来吸引顾客的一种方法。
We wish to introduce ourselves to you as a corporation dealing exclusively in Light Industrial Goods. 我们是专营轻工产品的公司。
（2）作表语
This novel is very interesting. 这本小说很有趣。
The theory sounds quite convincing. 这种说法听起来很有说服力。
分词作表语时,要与现在进行时与被动语态区分开,如：
He is reading the novel. （现在进行时） 他正在读小说。
His interest is reading. （现在分词作表语） 他的兴趣是阅读。
The novel is being read. （过去分词作谓语） 这本小说正在被读。
（3）作状语
①表示时间
Having worked for three hours, she took a rest. 工作了三个小时之后,她休息了一会儿。
Opening the drawer he took out a book. 打开抽屉,他拿出一本书。
②表示原因
Being debits always recorded in amounts equal to credits, the debits and credits should always equal each other. 由于借贷所记的金额是相等的,所以借与贷必须相等。
Inspired by the teacher, the students studied even harder. 在老师的鼓励下,学生们更加努力地学习。
③表示伴随或方式
Laughing and talking, the children went out into the garden. 孩子们又说又笑地走进花园。
④表示结果
The bus was held up in the snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 公共汽车被困在寒风雪中,因此给耽搁了。
Last year the yield climbed again, reaching 1,300 kilograms. 去年产量上升了,达到1,300公斤。
（4）作宾语补足语
We must get everything straightened out. 我们必须把一切弄清楚。
I found that store almost completely rebuilt. 我发现那个商店几乎全部改建过了。
（5）作独立主格
All things considered, the commodities are the best in our firm. 经过充分考虑后,认为这些商品是我们公司的最好商品。
His work finished, he prepares to return to his company. 工作完成后,他准备回公司。
So many directors being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 由于董事缺席过多,我们决定会议延期。
Weather permitting, we'll send the commodities tomorrow. 天气好的话,我们明天就把货送到。
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. 这些货是降低出售的,货物的缺陷总是向顾客们指出的。