自考英语(二)应试技巧：词形变化
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词形变化( Word Form )应试技巧
1.熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。注意：动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式，如时态、语态及语气(直陈、虚拟)等，虚拟语气为重点，几年来的考题中都有这方面内容；也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时，首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后再作相应的变化。
2.认真学好并熟悉课文。本题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的，其中多数来自课文，所以熟悉教材十分重要。
3.认真钻研相关的语法讲解。主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词比较等级、情态动词、虚拟语气\形容词比较级、最高级，等部分。
动词：动词是考试的重点。主要包括：动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。
1)动词的时态：重点是动词的过去时、完成时。
So far， Irving ______(live) in New York City for ten years. has lived
Many a writer of newspaper articles_______(trun) to writing novels during the past decade. has turned
Some people think relations between people _______(deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible . have deteriorated
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.
had happened
In the past two decades， research _____(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . has expanded
2)动词的语态：主要掌握各个时态的被动式。
The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan， Russia， and the United States. are involved
There __________(estimate) to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Brtain in 1995. were estimated
3)动词的语气：
A.掌握非真实条件句中，谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。
If you had come earlier， you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play.
would not have missed
If it hadn't been for your help， we _____(be) in real trouble.
would have been
B.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“紧迫性”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，由“动词原形”或“should + 动词原形”构成。 should 常常省略
I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. (should) think
It was imperative that students ______(finish) their papers before July 1st.
(should) finish
C.动词wish 、would rather (sooner)、if only、as if 后的虚拟语气。
I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year.
bought ( 表示从句中动作尚未发生)
She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. were
The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before.
had met
If only we ______(have) a phone！ I'm tired of waiting outside the public phone box.
D.in case ， for fear that ， lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为(should) + 原形。
He took his umbrella with him lest it _______ (rain.)
(should) rain
E.在It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词一般用过去时动词。
It's high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment. took
F.时间错综条件句，动词的形式要根据表示的时间调整。
如果我们早动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。
If we had set out earlier，we wouldn't be walking in the rain.
(从句中动作发生在过去，主句中动作发生在现在。)
4)动词的非谓语动词形式：
A.动词不定式：主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语或主语补足语等的用法。还要注意动词不定式的被动式与完成式。
不定式作定语：If there is no choice， there is no decision ______(make) to be made不定式作宾语： Robots ， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning ________(see) . to be seen
不定式作宾补 I notice him _______( leave ) the classroom. leave (可省略to)
不定式作主补：They were often compelled ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.
to work( 不可省略to)
We make them (to) work day and night. 不定式作宾语补语，在有些动词后可以省略TO
They are made to work day and night. 不定式作主语补语时，不可省略TO
B.分词：主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词与过去分词的区别。 另外，还有现在分词的被动式与完成式的形式。
分词作定语：Anyone ______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. wanting
As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals _____(use) in experiments may decrease. used
分词作状语： When ______(present) with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems. presented
________ (tell) that some guests were coming ， she shopped all morning in the supermarket. Having been told
Her body， with hands and feet _______(bind) ， was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. bound
分词做宾补： They may have their passports ______(remove) ， making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. removed
动名词作宾语：If you cannot understand ， ask： “ Would you mind ______(rephrase) the question ， please ？” rephrasing
If we don't start out now， we must risk ______(miss) the train.
missing
形容词副词：
The more time you waste， the _____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.easier
As Jane was the _____(old) ， she looked after the other children in the family. eldest
词性转换：
The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____(trick)situation .
trick是名词或动词，应把它变为形容词tricky
These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____(specialize) in its function.
specialize 是动词，应把它变为形容词 specific或 special
汉译英(Translation from Chinese into English) 应试技巧
1.事先筹划，再来做题
在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划：先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注意一些细节问题：1)仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组；2)名词的复数形式，动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性：3)单词的拼写，标点符号，大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。
2.灵活处理，提高把握
在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写，这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字去替代。
对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等等。比如：这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。
The panel/committee/board consisting of /
which was composed of
which was made up of
which consist of
10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision .
3.注意书写和卷面整洁
这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来，一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i” “l”，不分……，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢分。
在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。
其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英'这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。
从最近几年的考试情况来看，汉译英主要包括定语从句、形容词或副词的比较级、被动语态、 虚拟语气、it作形式主语或形式宾语、强调句型等。当然，汉译英的目的是将汉语的句意用规范的英语表达出来，用什么语法结构和词语是手段问题，只要译文的句意与原文一致，不出现重大的语法错误，拼写正确，就符合翻译的要求。
1.熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。注意：动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式，如时态、语态及语气(直陈、虚拟)等，虚拟语气为重点，几年来的考题中都有这方面内容；也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时，首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后再作相应的变化。
2.认真学好并熟悉课文。本题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的，其中多数来自课文，所以熟悉教材十分重要。
3.认真钻研相关的语法讲解。主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词比较等级、情态动词、虚拟语气\形容词比较级、最高级，等部分。
动词：动词是考试的重点。主要包括：动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。
1)动词的时态：重点是动词的过去时、完成时。
So far， Irving ______(live) in New York City for ten years. has lived
Many a writer of newspaper articles_______(trun) to writing novels during the past decade. has turned
Some people think relations between people _______(deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible . have deteriorated
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.
had happened
In the past two decades， research _____(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . has expanded
2)动词的语态：主要掌握各个时态的被动式。
The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan， Russia， and the United States. are involved
There __________(estimate) to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Brtain in 1995. were estimated
3)动词的语气：
A.掌握非真实条件句中，谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。
If you had come earlier， you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play.
would not have missed
If it hadn't been for your help， we _____(be) in real trouble.
would have been
B.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“紧迫性”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，由“动词原形”或“should + 动词原形”构成。 should 常常省略
I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. (should) think
It was imperative that students ______(finish) their papers before July 1st.
(should) finish
C.动词wish 、would rather (sooner)、if only、as if 后的虚拟语气。
I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year.
bought ( 表示从句中动作尚未发生)
She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. were
The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before.
had met
If only we ______(have) a phone！ I'm tired of waiting outside the public phone box.
D.in case ， for fear that ， lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为(should) + 原形。
He took his umbrella with him lest it _______ (rain.)
(should) rain
E.在It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词一般用过去时动词。
It's high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment. took
F.时间错综条件句，动词的形式要根据表示的时间调整。
如果我们早动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。
If we had set out earlier，we wouldn't be walking in the rain.
(从句中动作发生在过去，主句中动作发生在现在。)
4)动词的非谓语动词形式：
A.动词不定式：主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语或主语补足语等的用法。还要注意动词不定式的被动式与完成式。
不定式作定语：If there is no choice， there is no decision ______(make) to be made不定式作宾语： Robots ， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning ________(see) . to be seen
不定式作宾补 I notice him _______( leave ) the classroom. leave (可省略to)
不定式作主补：They were often compelled ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.
to work( 不可省略to)
We make them (to) work day and night. 不定式作宾语补语，在有些动词后可以省略TO
They are made to work day and night. 不定式作主语补语时，不可省略TO
B.分词：主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词与过去分词的区别。 另外，还有现在分词的被动式与完成式的形式。
分词作定语：Anyone ______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. wanting
As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals _____(use) in experiments may decrease. used
分词作状语： When ______(present) with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems. presented
________ (tell) that some guests were coming ， she shopped all morning in the supermarket. Having been told
Her body， with hands and feet _______(bind) ， was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. bound
分词做宾补： They may have their passports ______(remove) ， making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. removed
动名词作宾语：If you cannot understand ， ask： “ Would you mind ______(rephrase) the question ， please ？” rephrasing
If we don't start out now， we must risk ______(miss) the train.
missing
形容词副词：
The more time you waste， the _____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.easier
As Jane was the _____(old) ， she looked after the other children in the family. eldest
词性转换：
The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____(trick)situation .
trick是名词或动词，应把它变为形容词tricky
These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____(specialize) in its function.
specialize 是动词，应把它变为形容词 specific或 special
汉译英(Translation from Chinese into English) 应试技巧
1.事先筹划，再来做题
在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划：先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注意一些细节问题：1)仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组；2)名词的复数形式，动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性：3)单词的拼写，标点符号，大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。
2.灵活处理，提高把握
在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写，这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字去替代。
对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等等。比如：这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。
The panel/committee/board consisting of /
which was composed of
which was made up of
which consist of
10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision .
3.注意书写和卷面整洁
这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来，一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i” “l”，不分……，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢分。
在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。
其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英'这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。
从最近几年的考试情况来看，汉译英主要包括定语从句、形容词或副词的比较级、被动语态、 虚拟语气、it作形式主语或形式宾语、强调句型等。当然，汉译英的目的是将汉语的句意用规范的英语表达出来，用什么语法结构和词语是手段问题，只要译文的句意与原文一致，不出现重大的语法错误，拼写正确，就符合翻译的要求。